Skilfully withdrawing to Clusium, he delegated to Norbanus command of troops to hold Metellus Pius. . [40] His prospects for advancement under Marius stalled, however, Sulla started to complain "most unfairly" that Marius was withholding opportunities from him. [66] Buttressed by success against Rome's traditional enemies, the Samnites, and general Roman victory across Italy, Sulla stood for and was elected easily to the consulship of 88BC; his colleague would be Quintus Pompeius Rufus. [137][15] In a manner that the historian Suetonius thought arrogant, Julius Caesar later mocked Sulla for resigning the dictatorship. He then sailed for Italy at the head of 1,200 ships. A primary source is an original object or document -- the raw material or first-hand information. [87], Sulla's ability to use military force against his own countrymen was "in many ways a continuation of the Social War a civil war between former allies and friends developed into a civil war between citizens what was eroded in the process was the fundamental distinction between Romans and foreign enemies". [50][51], In 94BC, Sulla repulsed the forces of Tigranes the Great of Armenia from Cappadocia. However, this material may be located in a number of places including in the library, elsewhere on campus, or even online. [22] His first wife was called either Ilia or Julia. His execution in AD 62 on the orders of emperor Nero made him the last of the Cornelii Sullae. [124] The purge did little to strengthen resolve and when Sulla arrived at Rome, the city opened its gates and his opponents fled. Yes, if the painting originated at the time it depicts, then it is a primary source. Sulla was born in a very turbulent era of Rome's history, which has often been described as the beginning of the fall of the Roman Republic.The political climate was marked by civil discord and rampant political violence where voting in the Assembly was . [19] Plutarch mentions that during his last marriage to Valeria, he still kept company with "actresses, musicians, and dancers, drinking with them on couches night and day.[20]. Primary research gives you direct access to the subject of your research. In this first video of a 2-part tutorial, we will discuss primary sources. Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix[8] (/sl/; 13878 BC), commonly known as Sulla, was a Roman general and statesman. In art, literature, and cultural studies, primary sources . His troops prepared the ground by starting to dig a series of three trenches, which successfully contained Pontic cavalry. Works of art, in general, are considered primary sources. [89] After Octavius induced the senate to outlaw Cinna, Cinna suborned the army besieging Nola and induced the Italians again to rise up. In a typical year, the Graduate Acting Department will personally audition more than 800 students in order to select an ensemble of 16 actors. Archelaus then hid in the nearby marshes before escaping to Chalcis. [138], As promised, when his tasks were complete, Sulla returned his powers and withdrew to his country villa near Puteoli to be with his family. Published by at 29, 2022. They are often based on primary sources. [68] Shortly after Sulla's election, probably in the last weeks of the year, Sulla married his daughter to one of his colleague Pompeius Rufus' sons. The young Gaius Julius Caesar, as Cinna's son-in-law, became one of Sulla's targets, and fled the city. Secondary sources, on the other hand, are made . Marius (C. Marius) - Roman consul, seven times from 107 B.C. After Sulla had recovered the government by force of arms, everybody became robbers and plunderers. He became a tribune of the plebeians in 52 BC where he gained a reputation for being a strong supporter of the populares. Ozzy Osbourne Grandchildren, Dalton Smith Pogo Stick, Best Basketball Camps In Ontario, Rinnai R53i Parts Diagram, Mennonite Vs Amish Vs Mormon, You can limit HOLLIS searches to your time period, but sources may be published later, such as a person's diary published posthumously. Sulla's arrival in Brundisium induced defections from the Senate in Rome: Marcus Licinius Crassus, who had already fled from the Cinnan regime, raised an army in Spain, and departed for Africa to join with Metellus Pius (who also joined the Sullans), joined Sulla even before his landing in Italy. An inscription on a sixteenth-century tombstone in Istanbul would be a primary source from the Classical Ottoman Age. Sulla then duly besieged the city. This brief guide is designed to help students and researchers find and evaluate primary sources available online. [113] The extra time spent in Asia, moreover, equipped him with forces and money later put to good use in Italy. A book from 1877 England would be a primary source about Victorian history. [34] The publicity attracted by this feat boosted Sulla's political career. They are the most direct evidence of a time or event because they were created by people or things that were there at the time or event. [75], Speaking to the men, Sulla complained to them of the outrageous behaviour of Marius and Sulpicius. Click the title for location and availability information. Lucius Cornelius Sulla (138-78 BCE) was a ruthless military commander, who first distinguished himself in the Numidian War under the command of Gaius Marius.His relationship with Marius soured during the conflicts that would follow and lead to a rivalry which would only end with Marius' death.Sulla eventually seized control of the Republic, named himself dictator, and after eliminating his . Pompey ambushed eight legions sent to relieve Praeneste but an uprising from the Samnites and the Lucanians forced Sulla to deploy south as they moved also to relieve Praeneste or join with Carbo in the north. [citation needed], Sulla became embroiled in a political fight against one of the plebeian tribunes, Publius Sulpicius Rufus, on the matter of how the new Italian citizens were to be distributed into the Roman tribes for purposes of voting. And for his consular colleague, he attempted to transfer to him the command of Gnaeus Pompeius Strabo's army. [37], Starting in 104BC, Marius moved to reform the defeated Roman armies in southern Gaul. With the capture and execution of Carbo, who had fled Sicily for Egypt, both consuls for 82BC were now dead. The law was vetoed by one of the tribunes, but when Quintus Pompeius Rufus went to Pompey Strabo's army to take command under the Senate's authority, he was promptly assassinated after his arrival and assumption of command, almost certainly on Strabo's orders. They are original research, thinking, or discovery on a topic or event, and are written or created by people who actually experienced the event . [76][77] They then killed Marcus Gratidius, one of Marius' legates, when Gratidius attempted to effect the transfer of command. be determined. The bubonic plague was the most commonly seen form during the Black Death, with a mortality rate of 30-75% and symptoms including fever of 38 - 41 C (101-105 F), headaches, painful aching joints, nausea and vomiting, and a general feeling of malaise. [53] Sulla was regarded to have done well in the east: he had restored Ariobarzanes to the throne, been hailed imperator by his men, and was the first Roman to treat successfully with the Parthians. Sulla rose to prominence during the war against the Numidian king Jugurtha, whom he captured as a result of Jugurtha's betrayal by the king's allies, although his superior Gaius Marius took credit for ending the war. Some set their hearts on houses, some on landsThe whole period was one of debauched tastes and lawlessness. As such, he sought to strengthen the aristocracy, and thus the Senate. He can hardly have been in any doubt. onwards. He hinted to them that Marius would find other men to fight Mithridates, forcing them to give up opportunities to plunder the East, claims which were "surely false". If Sulla hesitated it can only have been because he was not sure how his army would react. They are now largely lost, although fragments from them exist as quotations in later writers. 133/18 Scipio praises C.Marius. Or he could attempt to reverse it and regain his command. Upon his arrival, Sulla had his quaestor Lucullus order Sura, who had vitally delayed Mithridates' advances into Greece, to retreat back into Macedonia. A research article or study proving this would be a primary source. Mithridates also would equip Sulla with seventy or eighty ships and pay a war indemnity of two or three thousand talents. Primary Sources are immediate, first-hand accounts of a topic, from people who had a direct connection with it. The Gracchi, Marius, and Sulla - Primary Source Edition Paperback - September 30, 2013 by Augustus Henry Beesly (Author) 3.4 out of 5 stars 4 ratings He was also notorious for his personal relationships . While Sulla was moving in the south, Scipio fought Pompey in Picenum but was defeated when his troops again deserted. Provides tips on how to read and use primary sources in historical research. Archelaus tried to break out but were unsuccessful; Sulla then annihilated the Pontic army and captured its camp. The Battle of Chaeronea was fought in early summer around the same time the Athenian acropolis was taken. [97], Early in 87BC, Sulla transited the Adriatic for Thessaly with his five legions. He was awarded the Grass Crown for his bravery at the Battle of Nola. [21] Regardless, by the standards of the Roman political class, Sulla was a very poor man. In 89BC, one of the tribunes of the plebs passed the lex Plautia Papiria, which granted citizenship to all of the allies (with exception for the Samnites and Lucanians still under arms). Scipio's army blamed him for the breakdown in negotiations and made it clear to the consul that they would not fight Sulla, who at this point appeared the peacemaker. In . Sulla and Pompeius Rufus opposed the bill, which Sulpicius took as a betrayal; Sulpicius, without the support of the consuls, looked elsewhere for political allies. Primary sources can include: Texts of laws and other original documents. The Senate moved the senatus consultum ultimum against him and was successful in levying large amount of men and materiel from the Italians. [95], Mithridates' successes against the Romans incited a revolt by the Athenians against Roman rule. [13][14][15] Sulla's family thereafter did not reach the highest offices of the state until Sulla himself. The Senate immediately sent an embassy demanding an explanation for his seeming march on the fatherland, to which Sulla responded boldly, saying that he was freeing it from tyrants. His son, Faustus Cornelius Sulla, issued denarii bearing the name of the dictator,[151] as did a grandson, Quintus Pompeius Rufus. Through Sulla's reforms to the Plebeian Council, tribunes lost the power to initiate legislation. Sulla's career is recounted in detail in Howard Hayes Scullard, From the Gracchi to Nero: A History of Rome from 133 B.C. Sulla raised important cavalry forces for Marius and was responsible for the . This distinction is important because it will affect how you understand these sources. He defeated Norbanus at the Battle of Mount Tifata, forcing the consul to withdraw. He brought Pompeii under siege. During these marriages, he engaged in an affair with Nicopolis, who also was older than him. [45][46], While governing Cilicia, Sulla received orders from the Senate to restore Ariobarzanes to the throne of Cappadocia. [54] Various proposals to give the allies Roman citizenship over the decades had failed for various reasons, just as the allies also "became progressively more aware of the need to cease to be subjects and to share in the exercise of imperial power" by acquiring that citizenship. He was then assigned by lot to serve under the consul Gaius Marius. Also, Faustus Cornelius Sulla, Nero's cousin, was exiled as a potential rival in 58. [59], In the first year of fighting, Roman strategy was largely one of containment, attempting to stop the revolting allies from spreading their rebellion into Roman-controlled territory. [141][140][142][143][144] Accounts were also written that he had an infestation of worms, caused by the ulcers, which led to his death. Sulla, in southern Italy, operated largely defensively on Lucius Julius Caesar's flank while the consul conducted offensive campaigning. Wikipedia entry + Cornelius , Epaphroditus , Sylla 138/31 The birth of L.Sulla. However, his candidature was dealt a blow when he was brought up on charges of extorting Ariobarzanes. Sulla then served as legate under his former commander and, in that stead, successfully subdued a Gallic tribe which revolted in the aftermath of a previous Roman defeat. There, while giving a speech, he had three or four thousand Samnite prisoners butchered, to the shock of the attending senators. He was saved through the efforts of his relatives, many of whom were Sulla's supporters, but Sulla noted in his memoirs that he regretted sparing Caesar's life, because of the young man's notorious ambition. Primary Source Terms:. [118], For 82BC, the consular elections returned Gnaeus Papirius Carbo, in his third consulship, with the younger Gaius Marius, the son of the seven-time consul, who was then twenty-six. was the first man to use the army to establish a personal autocracy at Rome.. Sulla first came into prominence when he served as quaestor (107-106 B.C.) Gaius Julius Caesar Strabo, merely an ex-aedile and one of Sulla's long-time enemies, had contested the top magistracy. He used his powers to purge his opponents, and reform Roman constitutional laws, to restore the primacy of the Senate and limit the power of the tribunes of the plebs. The collection currently contains . Of those who contracted the bubonic plague, 4 out of 5 died within eight days. [125], Carbo, who had suffered defeats by Metellus Pius and Pompey, attempted to redeploy so to relieve his co-consul Marius at Praeneste. [43] Refusing to stand for an aedileship (which, due to its involvement in hosting public games, was extremely expensive), Sulla became a candidate for the praetorship in 99BC. Newspapers. At the same time, Marius had annihilated the Cimbri's allies, the Teutones, at the Battle of Aquae Sextiae. 106/10 The quaestor L.Sulla arrives at Marius' camp with reinforcements from He was both eloquent and clever, and he made friends easily. Historians and other scholars classify sources as primary or secondary. "[148][149] Sulla's example proved that it could be done, therefore inspiring others to attempt it; in this respect, he has been seen as another step in the Republic's fall. Proscribing or outlawing every one of those whom he perceived to have acted against the best interests of the Republic while he was in the east, Sulla ordered some 1,500 nobles (i.e. Sulla had his enemies declared hostes, probably from outside the pomerium, and after assembling an assembly where he apologised for the ongoing war, left to fight Carbo in Etruria. The type of source you look for will depend on the stage you are at in the writing process. [84] Cinna, even before the election, said he would prosecute Sulla at the conclusion of the latter's consular term. The hundreds of thousands of men who enlisted . In fact, many sources can be either primary or secondary depending on the context of the research and of the source itself. You may copy and distribute the translations and commentaries in this resource, or parts of such translations and commentaries, in any medium . The Library of Congress Teacher's page provides tools and guides for using primary sources in research, focusing of the unique materials in the Library's digital collections. [130], In total control of the city and its affairs, Sulla instituted a series of proscriptions (a program of executing and confiscating the property of those whom he perceived as enemies of the state). Moreover, the people knew that Sulla was friends with Bocchus, a rich foreign monarch, and rejected his standing for the praetorship to induce him to spend money on games. This "firsthand" understanding of human motivations and the ordinary Roman citizen may explain why he was able to succeed as a general despite lacking any significant military experience before his 30s.[25]. sulla primary sources. If Sulla had married one of the Julii Caesares, this could explain Marius' willingness to entrust such an important task to a young man with no military experience, as Marius too had married into that family. Lucius Cornelius Sulla (l. 138 - 78 BCE) enacted his constitutional reforms (81 BCE) as dictator to strengthen the Roman Senate's power. Pompey, the son of Pompey Strabo, raised a legion from his clients in Picenum and also joined Sulla; Sulla treated him with great respect and addressed him as imperator before dispatching him to raise more troops. This led him to a secret deal with Marius, who had for years been coveting another military command, in which Marius would support Sulpicius' Italian legislation in exchange for a law transferring Sulla's command to Marius. The next year, 96BC, he assigned "probably pro consule as was customary" to Cilicia in Asia Minor. [31] Ultimately, the Numidians were defeated in 106BC, due in large part to Sulla's initiative in capturing the Numidian king. Sulla also wanted to reduce the risk that a future general might attempt to seize power, as he himself had done. [79], Sulla then had Sulpicius' legislation invalidated on the grounds that they had been passed by force. Speeches, diaries, letters and interviews - what the people involved said or . [111], The peace reached with Mithridates was condemned in ancient times as a betrayal of Roman interests for Sulla's private interest in fighting and winning the coming civil war. He had close connections to the imperial family and was the husband of Antonia, Claudius's daughter, and might thus have been seen as a threat to Nero. From this distance, Sulla remained out of the day-to-day political activities in Rome, intervening only a few times when his policies were involved (e.g. Research Process and Acumen: Experience with primary sources can support future academic success. The first of the, Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback, sfn error: no target: CITEREFBadian2012 (. Hind 1992, p.150 dismisses claims in Plutarch and Vellius Paterclus of Athens being forced to cooperate with Mithridates as "very hollow" and "apologia". Introduction. Finally, in a demonstration of his absolute power, Sulla expanded the Pomerium, the sacred boundary of Rome, unchanged since the time of the kings. [93] News of these conquests reached Rome in the autumn of 89BC, leading the Senate and people to declare war; actual preparations for war were, however, delayed: after Sulla was given the command, it took him some eighteen months to organise five legions before setting off; Rome was also severely strained financially. Tools for primary source analysis. At the start of his second consulship in 80BC with Metellus Pius, Sulla resigned his dictatorship. [35], In 104BC, the Cimbri and the Teutones, two Germanic tribes who had bested the Roman legions on several occasions, seemed to again be heading for Italy. Sulla and the proscriptions Lucius Cornelius Sulla was consul in 88 BC (and again in 80 BC) and dictator from 82 to 79 BC. Primary sources are first-hand accounts of events. Sulla's military coup was enabled by Marius's military reforms, that bound the army's loyalty with the general rather than to the Roman Republic, and permanently destabilized the Roman power structure. These sieges lasted until spring of 86BC. Sulla can be seen as setting the precedent for Julius Caesar's dictatorship, and for the eventual end of the Republic under Augustus. To this end, he reaffirmed the requirement that any individual wait for 10 years before being re-elected to any office. Editor: Paul Halsall. Studying the past supports good citizenship, which is requisite for a fair and effective democracy. [74], During the violence, Sulla was forced to shelter in Marius' nearby house (later denied in his memoirs). [25], The Jugurthine War had started in 112BC when Jugurtha, grandson of Massinissa of Numidia, claimed the entire kingdom of Numidia in defiance of Roman decrees that divided it among several members of the royal family. Scipio's men quickly abandoned him for Sulla; finding him almost alone in his camp, Sulla tried again to persuade Scipio to defect. Killing Cluentius before the city's walls, Sulla then invested the town and for his efforts was awarded a grass crown, the highest Roman military honour. [109] Faced with Fimbria's army in Asia, Lucullus' fleet off the coast, and internal unrest, Mithridates eventually met with Sulla at Dardanus in autumn 85BC and accepted the terms negotiated by Archelaus. 134/3 eagle's brood foretells the number of Marius' consulships. This also removed the need for the censor to draw up a list of senators, since more than enough former magistrates were always available to fill the Senate. There is no single tool that will find everything at UCR, but a good start is to reach . N.S. Find these with these special Subject terms. Further, Sulla failed to frame a settlement whereby the army (following the Marian reforms allowing nonland-owning soldiery) remained loyal to the Senate, rather than to generals such as himself. National Archives Catalog Find online primary source materials for classroom & student projects from the National Archive's online catalog (OPA). While besieging Pompeii, an Italian relief force came under Lucius Cluentius, which Sulla defeated and forced into flight towards Nola. Beginning Research Activities Student activities designed to help . [98] He separately besieged Athens and Piraeus (the Long Walls had since been demolished). The Steamboat Adventure. Student Engagement: Primary source materials "help spark students . The constitutional reforms of Sulla were a series of laws enacted by the Roman dictator Lucius Cornelius Sulla between 82 and 80 BC, reforming the Constitution of the Roman Republic in a revolutionary way.. Sulla also codified, and thus established definitively, the cursus honorum, which required an individual to reach a certain age and level of experience before running for any particular office. [2023] Welcome to The Internet History Sourcebooks Project, a collection of public domain and copy-permitted historical texts presented cleanly (without advertising or excessive layout) for educational use. The Athenian politician Aristion had himself elected as strategos epi ton hoplon and established a tyranny over the city. [100], In the summer of 86BC, two major battles were fought in Boeotia. Primary source is a term used in a number of disciplines to describe source material that is closest to the person, information, period, or idea being studied. In the sciences and social sciences, primary sources or 'primary research' are original research experiments, studies, or . Primary sources are often in manuscript collections and archival records. Threatened by the Pontic navy, Sulla sent his quaestor Lucullus to scrounge about for allied naval forces. On each line there is a link to the page where the name can be found. For other uses, see, Portrait of Sulla on a denarius minted in 54 BC by his grandson, They were designed to regulate Rome's finances, which were in a very sorry state after all the years of continual warfare. Primary Sources (1) Speech by Gaius Marius in the Senate, quoted by Sallust in his book The Jugurthine War (c. 40 BC) . Historical documents : how to read them. Examples include interview transcripts, statistical data, and works of art. The collection is particularly strong in the subject areas of education, psychology, American history, sociology, religion, and science and technology. Washington, DC, March 19, 2013 - The U.S. invasion of Iraq turned out to be a textbook case of flawed assumptions, wrong-headed intelligence, propaganda manipulation, and administrative ad hockery, according to the National Security Archive's briefing book of declassified documents posted today to mark the 10 th anniversary of the war. 1963), and Stewart Perowne, Death of the Roman Republic: From 146 B.C. He was a leader of the optimates, which sought to maintain senatorial supremacy against the populist reforms advocated by the populares, headed by Marius. He was, however, defeated. In the decades before Sulla had become dictator, Roman politics became increasingly violent. If you have questions, please consult your instructor or librarian. Modern sources have been somewhat less damning, as the Mithridatic campaigns later showed that no quick victory over Pontus was possible as long as Mithridates survived. Eyeglasses from Colonial America would be a primary source about Early American History. The historian Sallust fleshes out this character sketch of Sulla: He was well versed both in Greek and Roman literature, and had a truly remarkable mind. No action was taken against the troops nor action taken to relieve Pompey Strabo of command. He might have been disinherited, though it was "more likely" that his father simply had nothing to bequeath. Plutarch states in his Life of Sulla that he retired to a life spent in dissolute luxuries, and he "consorted with actresses, harpists, and theatrical people, drinking with them on couches all day long." Helping or sheltering a proscribed person was punishable by death, while killing a proscribed person was rewarded with two talents. Ideally, each ensemble is diverse, both in cultural background and practical experience. The interest rates were also to be agreed between both parties at the time that the loan was made, and should stand for the whole term of the debt, without further increase. Secondary sources provide second-hand information and commentary from other researchers. [91], During close of the Social War, in 89BC, Mithridates VI Eupator of Pontus invaded Roman Asia. Primary Sources Sallust. Sulla's First Civil War (88-87 BC) was triggered by an attempt to strip him of the command against Mithridates and saw Sulla become the first Roman to lead an army against the city for four hundred years. Catulus, with Sulla, moved to block their advance; the two men likely cooperated well. [99], Discovering a weak point in the walls and popular discontent with the Athenian tyrant Aristion, Sulla stormed and captured Athens (except the Acropolis) on 1 March 86BC. Encyclopedias. He had one child from this union, before his first wife's death. [94] While Rome was preparing to move against Pontus, Mithridates arranged the massacre of some eighty thousand Roman and Italian expatriates and their families, confiscating any available properties. In 46 BC Julius Caesar appointed him governor of the province of Africa. Sulla almost certainly received a normal education for his class, grounded in ancient Greek and Latin classics. Updated on June 22, 2022 Students. Reason #4: studying primary sources helps students become better citizens. If Plutarch's text is to be amended to "Julia", then she is likely to have been one of the Julias related to Julius Caesar, most likely. [65] This had been preceded by the lex Julia, passed by Lucius Julius Caesar in October 90BC, which had granted citizenship to those allies who remained loyal. Secondary sources are interpretations of history. His enemy, Lucius Cornelius Cinna, was elected consul for 87BC in place of his candidate;[83] his nephew was rejected as plebeian tribune while Marius' nephew was successful. [38] The next year, Sulla was elected military tribune and served under Marius,[39] and assigned to treat with the Marsi, part of the Germanic invaders, he was able to negotiate their defection from the Cimbri and Teutones. Secondary sources are a step removed from primary sources. He's remembered best for bringing his soldiers into Rome, the killing of Roman citizens, and his military skill in several areas. [104], After the Battle of Chaeronea, Sulla learnt that Cinna's government had sent Lucius Valerius Flaccus to take over his command. Beyond personal enmity, Caesar Strabo may also have stood for office because it was evident that Rome's relations with the Pontic king, Mithridates VI Eupator, were deteriorating and that the consuls of 88 would be assigned an extremely lucrative and glorious command against Pontus. J. He also divorced his then-wife Cloelia and married Metella, widow of the recently-deceased Marcus Aemilius Scaurus. [106] Roman forces then surrounded the Pontic camp. 9, The Last Age of the Roman Republic, 146-43 BC. Identifying and locating primary sources can be challenging. Secondary sources include: Essays analyzing novels, works of art, and other original creations. Sulla was a man to whom, up to victory, sufficient praise can hardly be given, and for whom, after victory, no criticism can be adequate. Continuing towards Scipio's position at Teanum Sidicinum, Sulla negotiated and was almost able to convince Scipio to defect. The dictator is the subject of four Italian operas, two of which take considerable liberties with history: Sulla is a central character in the first three, Lucius Cornelius Sulla is also a character in the first book of the, His first wife was Ilia, according to Plutarch.